Ervin Leihy Incidents: At the Falls of Bad River #2
March 31, 2017
By Amorin Mello
… continued from Our First Visitor.
Transcribed and shared by Robert J. Nelson
from the July 7th, 1900, issue of the Bayfield County Press :
Incidents of Early Days on Lake Superior
At the Falls of Bad River # 2
By Ervin Leihy
[Note – my communication in your issue on June 2, starts out with the date, November 1864. This is a mistake of the printer. The date was 1846]
About the middle of October, 1846, after our return from LaPointe, our list of tools and implements was about as follows: two serviceable saws, one or two old ones, well past their days of greatest usefulness, one broad ax, one crosscut saw, two shaving knives, one handsaw, one square, and one nail hammer, a few pounds of nails and two or three heavy grub hoes.
There were four of us in camp; Captain Joseph Wood, Charlie Rowley – the linguist – John Smith and myself. Question arose: what shall we do? Let’s build a house. Where? Let’s go up to the Falls. Captain Wood and the writer went. We found a romantic and lovely spot surrounded by dense forest, on the east of high bluff covered with tall pines, on the North and West with Maple, Elm, basswood and other timber of heavy growth. The rumble and rippling on the falls with the surrounding scenery was almost enchanting. Well, a place was selected, a stake was struck, and the next day work was commenced. Captain Wood took the broad ax, Smith and I an ax each, Rowley – the same linguist – he was suffering with the cut foot, was selected as cook.
Detail of Ervin Leihy’s mill on the La Pointe (Bad River) Reservation from Charles Whittlesey‘s 1860 Geological Map of the Penokie Range in Geology of Wisconsin: Volume III; plate XX-214.
Work was now the order of the day. The plan of the house was 20 x 24, squared timber 6 inches thick, floor and all. No friction or delay. Timber for the floor and walls was soon produced. Now, how to get the timber to the stake? There was but one way; no choice. Smith and I must do the job. A rude sled or go-devil was made, one end of a stick of timber was placed on this and away it went to its destination. The process was kept up until the timber was all on the ground. The sills, and 24 feet long, were placed 20 feet apart outside to outside, on these the flooring 6 inches thick, was placed; on top of this the walls went up 11 feet without friction. Now comes the tug-of-war; the gables and the roof.
Talk about Robinson Crusoe, he didn’t have to build a house. He found a cave and only he had to do was crawl in. But the gables went up, a beam across the center and a pair of rafters, 6 x 6 on top of this for roof boards. Norway pine poles 24 feet long, hewn nicely, 2 inches thick and placed 10 inches, center to center, and on top of these A No. 1 singles, 2 feet long. Now for the last and worst job of all, fireplace in the chimney. Sand rock in the opposite bank of the river was plentiful and the old ax’s, the same old team in the same old go-devil was in active operation, sand, clay and ashes were mixed up for mortar and the fireplace went up.
Wood, Smith and I often talked, mourned and dreamed about a grindstone. During our quarrying operation one day, down came the slab of slatey sandrock about 2 1/2 feet in diameter and 4 to 5 inches thick. “Holy Moses!” said I, “Smith, if you will help me make a grindstone I will help you make three potato baskets next spring.” “Agreed” was the prompt reply. One grindstone ones known to exist in the Lake Superior area and that was in the government blacksmith shop at LaPointe for use of the Indians.
List of mid-1840’s La Pointe Indian Sub-Agency employees including Peter Chouinard, William E. VanTassel, and the previously unknown Carpenter.
~ Thirtieth Congress – First Session. Ex. Doc. No. 26. House of Representatives. Persons Employed In The Indian Department. Letter from The Secretary of War, Transmitting a statement of persons employed in the Indian Department. January 26, 1848.
Before snow fell we had picked up a number of worn-out and castaway Indian axes, some with the initials P.C. – Peter Chounard – who was probably the first man to pound hot iron on Lake Superior, and some of them the initials W.E.V.T. – W. E. Van Tassel – for many nights and Sundays thereafter, those axes might have been heard pecking away at the old sand rock until finally after many days a frame was made, a crank adjusted and a grindstone came into existence.
Wood’s eloquent remark: “a pretty good mechanical job, boys.” It did good service for many years. The chimney was finally completed and on the eighth day of January, 1847, we moved into the second house built in Wisconsin, Northup Chippewa Falls, outside of LaPointe.
Ervin Leihy Incidents: Our First Visitor
March 27, 2017
By Amorin Mello
… continued from At the Falls of Bad River.
Transcribed and shared by Robert J. Nelson
from the June 2nd, 1900, issue of the Bayfield County Press :
Incidents of Early Days on Lake Superior
Out First Visitor
By Ervin Leihy
Lake November, 1864, and late in the evening, a slight noise was heard outside of our cabin at the Falls. The door was opened and a Indian entered, clad in regulation uniform, as follows: cotton shirt, a blanket coat with of same material attached, a breech cloth, leggings of blanket and moccasins of buckskin.
Rowley, who had picked up a few words of Chippewa wanted to show off, stepped up to the Indian, placed his hand on the bare part of the Indians anatomy and inquired ke-se-nah? The Indian surveyed him for moment, placed his hand on Rowley’s cheek in repeated Rowley’s question, ke-se-nah, (cold)? This provided a burst of merriment from the “tender footed,” who could not talk “Injun”, in which the Indian joined. Rowley talked no more Indian that night.
Detail of Ervin Leihy’s sawmill on the La Pointe (Bad River) Reservation from Charles Whittlesey‘s 1860 Geological Map of the Penokie Range in Geology of Wisconsin: Volume III; plate XX-214.
The visitor was evidently a young hunter returning from an unsuccessful hunt. A place was made for him near the fire, he was housed and fed and in the morning departed for his Lodge, six or 7 miles away.
This was not his last visit. After the new house was finished – now well underway – became again and brought his two best friends with him, with presents of nice fresh fish from the Lake, which were much enjoyed. These visits were repeated quite frequently by the three friends. They would come much out of their way to bring us presents of Partridge, venison, most meat, just made Maple sugar or something else intended to please the strangers.
Later on when they came to see the product of our little field their expressions of delight were extravagant in the extreme. They had never seen such potatoes, turnips, corn, squashes, etc. They were always ready and willing to help in planting, hoeing and harvesting. They were always well paid for their work and always well pleased with their pay. The names of these three friends were Wi-nah-kis, Pa-me-sa and Wa-bud-o. There were others equally friendly, honest and deserving; in fact, the great majority of the Chippewa were comparatively so. Of course there were some “dark sheep” some in fact quite black. These, when detected, were given a “cold shoulder” or a hot reception, as the occasion seem to require, but cases of the last named were quite rare. But that generation has passed away; few, very few, I knew on Bad River survives, and as for the present generation, alas! they are becoming civilized.
To be continued in At the Falls of Bad River #2…
Edwin Ellis Incidents: Number II
March 26, 2017
By Amorin Mello
Originally published in the June 30th, 1877, issue of The Ashland Press. Transcribed with permission from Ashland Narratives by K. Wallin and published in 2013 by Straddle Creek Co.
… continued from Number I.
EARLY RECOLLECTIONS OF ASHLAND.
“OF WHICH I WAS A PART.”
Number II
My Dear Press: – At the close of my last scribblings, we had arrived on the present site of Ashland, near where the railroad dock reaches the shore and were sheltered in a log shanty, built by Lusk, Prentice & Co., a kind of land company who had plans of starting a town here, of building a dock, and who had a small stock of merchandise and provisions to aid in their proposed work. The members of the firm were David S. Lusk, of New York, Frederick Prentice, of Toledo, Ohio, Capt. J. D. Angus, of Ontonagon, and Geo. R. Stuntz, then of Superior City.
1850s survey of Frederick Prentice Addition of Ashland at/near the ancient village site of Gichi-wiikwedong. “It is in this addition, that, the Chippewa River and the St. Croix Indian trails reach the Bay.”
~ Wisconsin Historical Society
Mr. Lusk left the lake in 1856, and I think died some years since in California.
Frederick Prentice
~ History of the Maumee Valley by Horace S Knapp, 1872, pages 560-562.
Mr. Prentice, a man of great energy and business enterprise, now resides in Toledo, and is largely engaged in the production and refining of coal oil, being one of the great operators in that enlightening civilizer. He has accumulated an ample fortune, and is still largely interested in real estate in our town and country.
Captain John Daniel Angus
~ Madeline Island Museum
Capt. J. D. Angus, and old salt, familiar with all the oceans as well as our inland seas – having circumnavigated the globe; able to build any water craft from a Mackinaw boat to a ship of war; a man with an exhaustless store of anecdotes; who was acquainted with “Sinbad, the Sailor” – having passed through many vicissitudes- is now living in our country, full of life and activity.
George Riley Stuntz
~ The Eye of the North-west: First Annual Report of the Statistician of Superior, Wisconsin, by Frank Abial Flower, 1890, page 26.
George R. Stuntz now resides in Duluth, a civil engineer by profession, who came to the west end of the lake thirty year ago; who has done more surveying of government land than any other man on the lake. He is a descendant from the third generation of a Hessian soldier, hired by George III to fight against the American Colonies in the war of our Revolution; but who after fighting one battle on the side of the Despot, was convinced of the wrong of the British cause, became an active rebel and a sincere defender of American liberty. He and his children and children’s children have ever been true American patriots, and have done good service to the cause of the Republic. He is the owner of much real estate on Lake Superior, in both Wisconsin and Minnesota.
These men had also been attracted by the situation of our bay as the outlet of an extensive country, abounding in minerals and timber. They had perfected no plans for the acquisition of title to the land. It is true several claims had been made reaching from Fish Creek nearly to the Indian Reserve – a narrow strip on the bay, but the claimants gained no rights thereby, for the lands had not been surveyed, and we were all in the eye of the law, trespassers. The Land Office, which was then at Hudson, on the St. Croix river, was not allowed to receive and entertain declaratory pre-emption statements.
Still Lusk, Prentice & Co. were even then engaged in building a dock and clearing off the site of an expected city, to which even then they gave the name of “Bay City” – by which name the larger part of the present site of Ashland was known for many years. It is now in legal description as “Ellis Division of Ashland.” The timber was cut into cord wood and piled upon the dock, in anticipation of the wants of the numerous steamboats soon expected to throng the docks of the rising city.
Some twenty acres of land were thus cut over, reaching from near Dr. Ellis’ present residence to the Bay City creek, and from the bay shore nearly back to the Railroad depot.
The dock extended from the low point about a hundred yards east of the Door and Sash Factory of White & Perinier, about five hundred feet into the water, and reaching a depth of about eleven feet. It was made of cribs of round logs, pinned together with wooden pins. The cribs were about 25×30 feet, and about 25 feet apart. They had no filling of any kind. They were connected with stringers, which served as the foundation of the road-way, made by laying round poles crosswise upon the stringers.
It may seem stranger to us with the results of many years’ observation and experience of the force of waves and currents and ice pressure in the bay, that such a dock should ever have been built. But hind sight is always clearer than fore sight, and recent dock builders have had the benefit of the costly experience of the pioneers.
They labored under the impression that the ice melted in the bay and did not move out in large fields. They soon had this error corrected. On the last day of March, 1855, the ice in Ashland bay was broken for two or three hundred feet from shore only the body of the ice had not moved, and gave no signs of moving. It looked as though it might remain for weeks. The morning sun of April 1st shone upon the smooth, classy surface of the water. The ice had disappeared in a single night, and the dock and wood piled upon it – the result of so many hard days’ work – had passed away also. The remains might be seen for many years scattered along the bay shore and far up the Kau-kau-gon. The present dwellers here can hardly realize the depressing effect of this loss to the little squad of settlers.
To be continued in Number III…
Asaph Whittlesey Incidents: Number II
March 26, 2017
By Amorin Mello
Originally published in the February 23rd, 1878, issue of The Ashland Press. Transcribed with permission from Ashland Narratives by K. Wallin and published in 2013 by Straddle Creek Co.
… continued from Number I.
Early Recollections of Ashland: Number II
by Asaph Whittlesey
As the sole survivor of those who first settled upon the “town site” of Ashland, I have long felt it a duty I owe to myself and wife, and to those then associated with me, whose voices can no longer be heard; as well as a duty I owe to coming generations to add to the record already made, a mention of events of Ashland’s earlier days, overlooked, or perhaps not known to those who have heretorfore generously undertaken to write up the history of the place. And inasmuch as acts of my own, will form a conspicuous part of this record, I desire the public to charitably overlook what might otherwise be regarded as undue or extravagant mention of myself.
Those who have preceded me in their published “Early Recollections of Ashland,” especially those from the pen of Edwin Ellis, M.D., and J.S. Buck, Esq. Of Milwaukee, place the public largely in debt. First, on account of their having undertaken so thankless a task, and secondly, on account of the marvelous earnestness of their statements, which alone gives them value.
Engaged as I now am, the past comes up to me, with the precious freighting of recollections; some sad, and others of brighter hue, woven by memory into a varied “woof,” every thread of which has its cherished incidents in which we have born a part, and by which the soul is saddened or brightened as the “web” unfolds its various hues; and “old time friends” are again about me, and memory is busy with those things of the past which rendered “blessed” our “Cabin Homes” in the wilderness.
Detail of Ashland in LaPointe County circa 1855 from the Barber Papers.
The history of Ashland as a “town site” commenced with July 5th, 1854. On that day George Kilburn and myself left La Pointe in a row boat on a tour of inspection of the bay upon which Ashland is now located; having in view a “town site” on what might prove to be the most available point for a town, at or near “Equadon,” which we were told meant the “head of the bay.” Very well do I remember how our awkward attempts at rowing made us the laughing stock of numerous Half-Breeds and Frenchmen as we pulled from the shore, and how it was our fortune to face a lively head wind during this, our first few days attempting at rowing alone. However, at 5 p.m. of the day named, having taken soundings for two miles along the south shore of the bay, we landed our boat at the westerly limit of the present “town site” of Ashland, where the high land leaves the bay. As I stepped ashore, Mr. Kilburn exclaimed, “Here is the place for the big city!” and (handing me his ax) added, “I want you to have the honor of cutting the first tree in the way of settlement upon the “town site,” and the tree of which I then fell formed one of the foundation longs in the
FIRST BUILDING ERECTED,
and was erected upon what is now known as lot 2, block 105. This building was 14×10 feet square, had but one door which faced to the south, and but one window which was upon the north side, furnishing a full view of the bay.
On the 16th of August, we were joined by Mrs. Whittlesey, with her “golden haired” and only child, “Eugenia Vesta,” then less than two years of age. Mrs. Whittlesey presented an extremely youthful appearance, being less than twenty-one years of age and unused either to sunlight or to toil; she nevertheless brought “sunlight” into our first
HOME IN THE WILDERNESS.
At this time our nearest neighbors were at Odanah, a distance of eleven miles in a direct line, without even a “trail” leading thereto.
Mrs. Whittlesey’s surroundings were now in strong contrast with her former life, and so absolutely were we shut in by the dense forest that there was but one way to look out, and that was to look up. But for all this our conceptions of the place were past description. Business blocks in the near future filled our minds, and enabled us to sustain every inconvenience. Already the “town site” fever had grown into a “mania,” and adjacent lands were rapidly being taken up by “pre-emptors.”
To be continued in Number III…
1856 Inquest on the Body of Jerry Sullivan
March 18, 2017
By Amorin Mello
Wheeler Family Papers: Box 3, Folder 12;
La Pointe County, 1849-1862
Papers Relating to an
Inquest on the Body of
Jerry Sullivan
~~~
State of Wisconsin
County of Lapointe
To any Constable of said County.
In the name of the State of Wisconsin you are hereby commanded to Summon Joseph Lapointe Oskinawa and [Cotonse for I have?] son of the little chief named [Jegequaon?] to be and appear at my office in Lapointe and give Evedince on an Inquest then & there to be held on the body of P Jerry Sullivan found frozen to death how and by what means he came to his death.
Given under my hand this 10th day of March AD 1856.
J. W. Bell
Justice of the Peace
State of Wisconsin.
To any Constable of the County of Lapointe
You are hereby required immediately to summon six good and lawfull men of the County of Lapointe to appear forthwith before me at my office in the town of Lapointe to enquire upon the view of the Dead Body of Patrick Jerry Sullivan there being dead, how and by what means he came to his death.
Given under my hand this 10th day of March 1856.
J. W. Bell
Justice of the Peace
– – – – – – – – – –
Served the within by Summoning the following Individuals and producing them in Court.
Antoine Perrinier
John Cochran
John Bono
Marks Mandelbaum
JB. Roy
Batiste Gaudin
& Edward Fornier
Antoine Cournoyer Sr. was a French-Canadian and father of a mixed-blood family in the La Pointe Band.
A. (his X mark) Cournier
Constable
Fees 50 cts
Inquest on the Body of Jerry Sullivan.
Patrick Sullivan
being duly sworn says that last Thursday evening
Captain John Daniel Angus first settled at La Pointe in 1835.
~ Madeline Island Museum
Oskinawa came to my house, and there a pair of Boots and Blanket and two quilts belonging to the deseased and was going away My little Boy seen him do so. My wife went out of Doors and asked him where the old man was, I heard them talking and I went out. I asked Oskinawa if the old man had left Angus and if he was coming to night, he replied that he did leave him the old man some where on the Ice. I went to see Oskinawa the next day and he told me that an Indian had come across and told him that the old man was sick in a house on the opposite side. I started on Saturday morning in search of the old man and called at the different houses but could get no information of him I also searched along the shore. John Morrison told me that on thursday he seen him with Oskinawa abreast of his place away a good distance from shore on his way to Lapointe. I went to Capt Angus that night to Enquire, Capt Angus told me that he had made an arrangement with Joseph Lapointe to bring the old man home with him as he was coming to Lapointe with a horse and train and he would pay him for it. on Monday afternoon after searching I found the Deseased lying on his back frozen lying on the beach about a mile or more from Lapointe and brought him home and requested that an Inquest should be held over him.
Sworn & subscribed to before me this 10th day of March 1856
J W Bell
Justice of the Peace
Inquest on the Body of Jerry Sullivan
Oskinawe
being duly sworn Says that he knows deceased. Deseased left the Bay to come to lapointe on foot thursday at about half past two o’clock PM.
I overtook him on the road Shortly after I requested the diseased to come along with me as I wanted to get ahead of horse that was going to Lapointe. Mr. Angus had given me the Old Man’s things to bring to Lapointe I had a dog and a train with me the Old Man deseased could not keep up with me and I left him. I overtook the horse at Stoney point and came home in company with the horse Joseph Lapointe had the horse. I could still see the Old Man coming after us when I was this side of the Stoney point.
Sworn to March 10th 1856 before me
J W Bell Justice
– – – – – – – – – –
John [Degequaon?]
being duly sworn says, that on Saturday last he went to the Bay & Capt Angus enquired of him if the old Man had got home.
Captains Angus and Butterfield were south of Houghton Point, in what is now the City of Washburn. Detail from the Barber Brothers’ survey during August of 1855.
I answered in the negative. Capt Angus told me that he had told Joseph Lapointe on his sleigh and that he would pay him for it. Steven Butterfield told me that he heard Capt Angus tell Joseph Lapointe to take the Old Man on his sleigh. in the Evening I told Mrs Lapointe the Mother of Joseph and she said her son was very foolish in not taken the old man in his sleigh, but that she had herself told him not to take any person on his sleigh before he was paid for it as he had been cheated so often, and perhaps her son had refused the old man for the reason that the old man had once refused to lend him a bucket to water his horse.
Sworn on March 10th 1856 before me
J W Bell Justice.
– – – – –
Joseph Lapointe
duly sworn says, that he left the Bay with his horse to come to Lapointe on thursday afternoon that the deseased wanted to come over with him in his sleigh that he offered the deseased to bring him over to Lapointe with his things for half a Dollar but the Deseased would not agree to give it to him.
I then turned my horse and came away, on the road he broke an Iron pin and went back to Mr Angus to get it repaired that the Deseased was still there that Mr Angus did not say any thing to him at all in regard to bringing the old man over. Mr Angus never asked him to bring the old man over.
Says that the reason that he did not want any thing in his sleigh was because he wanted to get to Lapointe and back the same day.
Sworn to before me this 10th day of March 1856,
J W Bell Justice
An inquisition taken at Lapointe in the County of Lapointe, on the 10th day of March 1856 before J W Bell one of the Justices of the peace of said County, upon the view of the Body of Jerry Sullivan there dead by the Jurors whose names are hereunto Subscribed, who being duly sworn to Enquire on behalf of the people of this State when, in what manner, and by what means the said Jerry Sullivan came to his death upon their Oaths do say, that from the Evedince produced on their inquest that they Exempt any person from blame, and that owing to the late hour of starting the deceased came to his Death by freezing in making an effort to reach home.
In testimony whereof the said Justice of the Peace and the Jurors of this inquest have hereunto set their hands the day and year aforesaid.
John W. Bell
Justice of the Peace
W. J. Cochran
M. H. Mandelbaum
John Bono
Antoine Perrinier
Edward Fornier
John B. Roy~ Jury ~
Patrick Sullivan
Son of the diseased being duly sworn Says that Deseased was not possesed of any real Estate, and all the personal Estate that he knows of was
Money to the amount of 35.00 which he left with my wife, 7.00 which he lent me, 6 cents was found in his pocket after his disease and 1 Barrel of Flour which I got of him valued at 20.00. Making $62.06. He told me that Captain Angus Owed him for some labor, likewise he had some potatoes hid in the ground and some wood in the woods cut. the Diseased made my house his principal home. he had a due Bill on Mr
J haveAustrian for the Sum of 3.75. Total in Money & due Bills 65.81. also 5.00 worth of meal. 70.81Incidental Expenses paid by me out of the above for
holding an Inquest and Burrial rites, Church Rites &cExpenses of Inquest Jury fees & witnesses &c $8.37
Paid for Coffin & Outer Box 9.38
Paid the Preist for a Mass 5.00
To 4 Men looking for Diseased 4.00
Paid Paul Souliere 2.00
Henry Brissette 1.00
Michael Brissette for teaming 1.00
two Indian Boys for bringing Deseased 2.00
John Cochran two Days. 3.00
Hauling Sand for grave 4.50
[Bisson?] 1 Day searching for diseased 1.00
Ten Dollars for a Railing round the Grave 10.00
Grave Stone 5.00
To Massers to be said hereafter 15.00
Decided that Patrick Sullivan is the proper person to collect and settle all affairs of the diseased. and what remain he is entitled to for his trouble.
“Considerable Altercation Ensued”
March 11, 2017
By Leo
Here is another gem from Wheeler. It appears to be a short description of a meeting in Odanah that quickly devolves into absurdity. It appears without any associated documents in the chronological professional papers of the Wheeler Family Collection at the Northern Great Lakes Visitor Center. For what it lacks in length and context, it makes up for in insight into the personalities of some prominent Chequamegon residents.
Odanah July 6, 1856
Council of Indians called by Mr Warren to make regulations in regard to the partitions of Domestic Arrivals & crops here. Mr S. C. Collins was appointed chairman & L. H. Wheeler Secretary.
Mr Warren presented some resolutions stating the object of the meeting , which was interpreted to the Indians.
After reading the paper Mr. Warren added remarks explaining the importance of some such regulations for the good of both the Whites & Indians.
After he stopped Blackbird spoke. The substance of his remarks was that the commissioner & agent told him to be still and do nothing till the agent should come, and therefore he should have nothing to do with what was proposed to them.
Out of contempt to Mr Warren he proposed that he should be made chief. He said it was treating them like children for Mr W to pass laws & rules for them to observe, just as though they were not able to take care of their own interests. He was asked more fully Mr Stoddard regarding the concluding remarks of Black Bird in substance, as a motion, to drop the whole subject, seconded the motion upon which considerable altercation ensued. The result of which was that the question should be considered still open for discussion and free remarks be allowed on both sides.
Odanah in 1856, just two years removed from the Treaty of 1854, was a community in flux. The cities of Ashland and Bayfield were growing rapidly with white American settlers. Being the largest of the newly-created reservations, Bad River was also growing as some of the Ojibwe bands from the Island, Ontonagon, St. Croix and the Chippewa River relocated there. In contrast to the Buffalo Bay (Red Cliff) reservation whose population included numerous mix-blood and Catholic families, the people of Bad River were largely full-bloods practicing traditional ways.
A handful of mix-blood and white families did live in Odanah, sponsored by the US Government and eastern missionary societies for Christianizing and “civilizing” the Ojibwe. These included the families of Reverend Leonard H. Wheeler founder of the Odanah mission, Truman A. Warren the government farmer, and John Stoddard the government carpenter. At this point in history, each of these men had lived in or around Odanah for several years and were well-known to area residents.
Truman A. Warren, brother of William W. Warren (Wisconsin Historical Society).
From the document, it appears that Warren called a meeting to create rules for the distribution of crops and goods to the Bad River Band. Warren was born at La Pointe in the mid-1820s to fur-trader Lyman Warren and Marie Cadotte Warren. Most Ojibwe men of the era avoided farming as it was considered women’s work. Warren, however, did not appear to share this view. He was a Christian mix-blood whose grandfather, Michel Cadotte, planted numerous crops on the Island. As a teenager, Truman, spent several years at school in New York learning English and doing farm labor.
Getting the farmer position, which had been created by the Treaty of 1842, was seen as a stroke of good fortune. His sister, Julia Warren Spears later described it as such:
My brother Truman A. Warren was the government farmer for the Indians, who lived at Bad River about 15 miles on the main land from La Pointe. That is where they made there garden and what other farming they did. The government farmer, carpenter, and blacksmith all had good houses to live in and received good salaries. (Spears to Bartlett; October 26, 1924)
Leonard H. Wheeler (Wisconsin Historical Society)
S. C. Collins is listed as the chairman of the meeting. I have been unable to find any other information about his connection to this area. I suspect he may have been a visitor or brief resident enlisted by Leonard Wheeler as a neutral party to conduct the meeting.
The Wheelers and Warrens were very close. Truman’s father was the original force behind bringing the Protestant missions into the area and Leonard and Harriet Wheeler helped raise Truman’s younger sister.
John Stoddard, the government carpenter has been identified by Amorin Mello as the most likely author of the mystery journal found in the Wheeler Collection. He was also close to Wheeler. As was Blackbird, the most prominent chief of the Bad River Ojibwe.
I’ve written before on how Blackbird and Wheeler were an odd couple. Wheeler was dedicated to the destruction of Ojibwe culture while Blackbird was perhaps the strongest advocate for maintaining traditional ways. Even so, the primary sources seem to indicate the men had a strong respect for one another.
Blackbird’s affections for Wheeler, however, don’t appear to extend to Warren. This isn’t overly surprising. Truman, and his deceased brother William, had run counter to the chief’s wishes on multiple occasions. William Warren criticized Blackbird directly at the time of the Martell Delegation. Blackbird also wanted to limit the power of Henry Rice’s “Indian Ring,” which employed numerous La Pointe mix-bloods including the Warrens.
In Theresa Schenck’s excellent William W. Warren: The Life, Letters, and Times of an Ojibwe Leader, the Warrens occasionally betray a paternalistic attitude toward their Ojibwe relatives. For example, William and Truman both initially supported the tragic Sandy Lake Removal of 1850-51 even though the Ojibwe leadership was rightfully opposed to it. Blackbird, of all the chiefs, seemed the least willing to accept condescension and threats to tribal sovereignty so it’s not surprising that a “considerable altercation ensued.”
For Wheeler’s part, I haven’t found any evidence he tried to force Robert’s Rules of Order on this area again.
Davidson, John N. In Unnamed Wisconsin. N.p.: Nabu, 2010. Print.
Paap, Howard D. Red Cliff, Wisconsin: A History of an Ojibwe Community. St. Cloud, MN: North Star of St. Cloud, 2013. Print.
Schenck, Theresa M. William W. Warren: The Life, Letters, and times of an Ojibwe Leader. Lincoln, Neb.: U of Nebraska, 2009. Print.
Chequamegon History 